Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, Bourne RRA, Congdon N, Jones I, et al. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e489–e551.
Google Scholar
International Agency for Prevention of Blindness. 2023. Available from: https://www.iapb.org. Accessed 7 May 2023.
Atowa UC, Wajuihian SO, Hansraj R. A review of paediatric vision screening protocols and guidelines. Int J Ophthalmol. 2019;12:1194–201.
Google Scholar
Chen AH, Abu Bakar NF, Arthur P. Comparison of the pediatric vision screening program in 18 countries across five continents. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2019;31:357–65.
Google Scholar
Gilbert C, Minto H, Morjaria P, Khan I. Standard school eye health guidelines for low and middle-income countries. Internation Agency for Prevention of Blindness; 2018. Available: https://www.iapb.org/wp-content/uploads/Guidelines-School-Eye-Health-Programmes-English-Final.pdf.
JBI. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. 2022. Available from: https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/4687770/11.3+The+scoping+review+and+summary+of+the+evidence.
Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:467.
Google Scholar
The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. 2023. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Accessed 22 Feb 2023.
World Health Organization. Making every school a health-promoting school. Geneva; WHO; 2021.
World Health Organization. Report on vision. Geneva: WHO; 2019.
Panda L, Nayak S, Das T. Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study Report # 6. Opportunistic screening of vitamin A deficiency through School Sight Program in tribal Odisha (India). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68:351–5.
Google Scholar
Atowa UC, Wajuihian SO, Hansraj R. Towards the development of a uniform screening guideline: current status of paediatric vision screening in Abia State, Nigeria. Afr Vis Eye Health J. 2022;81:a661.
Chottopadhyay T, Kaur H, Shinde AJ, Gogate PM. Why are we not doing retinoscopy in the school eye screening? Is distant visual acuity a sensitive tool for making referrals? Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2021;35:320–4.
Google Scholar
Aina AS, Oluleye TS, Olusanya BA. Comparison between focometer and autorefractor in the measurement of refractive error among students in underserved community of sub-Saharan Africa. Eye. 2016;30:1496–501.
Google Scholar
Ilechie AA, Addo NA, Abraham CH, Owusu-Ansah A, Annan-Prah A. Accuracy of noncycloplegic refraction for detecting refractive errors in school-aged African children. Optom Vis Sci. 2021;98:920–8.
Google Scholar
Khurana R, Tibrewal S, Ganesh S, Tarkar R, Nguyen PTT, Siddiqui Z, et al. Accuracy of noncycloplegic refraction performed at school screening camps. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66:806–11.
Google Scholar
Gopalakrishnan A, Hussaindeen JR, Sivaraman V, Swaminathan M, Wong YL, Armitage JA, et al. The Sankara Nethralaya Tamil Nadu Essilor Myopia (STEM) Study-defining a threshold for non-cycloplegic myopia prevalence in children. J Clin Med. 2021;10:1215.
Google Scholar
Mathenge WC, Bello NR, Hess OM, Dangou J-M, Nkurikiye J, Levin AV. Use of the World Health Organization primary eye care protocol to investigate the ocular health status of school children in Rwanda. J AAPOS. 2023;27:16.e1–16.e6.
Google Scholar
Rewri P, Nagar CK, Gupta V. Vision screening of younger school children by school teachers: a pilot study in Udaipur City, Western India. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2016;11:198–203.
Google Scholar
Panda L, Das T, Nayak S, Barik U, Mohanta BC, Williams J, et al. Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES # 2) Rayagada school screening program: efficacy of multistage screening of school teachers in detection of impaired vision and other ocular anomalies. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:1181–7.
Google Scholar
Sil A, Aggarwal P, Sil S, Mitra A, Jain E, Sheeladevi S, et al. Design and delivery of the Refractive Errors Among Children (REACH) school-based eye health programme in India. Clin Exp Optom. 2022;106:1–10.
Saravanan S, Krishnamurthy S, Ramani KK, Narayanan A. Cost analysis of a comprehensive school eye screening model from India. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2022;30:196–202.
Chan VF, Yard E, Mashayo E, Mulewa D, Drake L, Price-Sanchez C, et al. Does an integrated school eye health delivery model perform better than a vertical model in a real-world setting? A non-randomised interventional comparative implementation study in Zanzibar. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;0:1–7.
Narayanan A, Kumar S, Ramani KK. Spectacle compliance among adolescents in Southern India: Perspectives of service providers. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66:945–9.
Google Scholar
Ocansey S, Amuda R, Abraham CH, Abu EK. Refractive error correction among urban and rural school children using two self-adjustable spectacles. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2023;8:e001202.
Google Scholar
Ilechie AA, Abokyi S, Boadi-Kusi S, Enimah E, Ngozi E. Self-adjustable spectacle wearing compliance and associated factors among rural school children in Ghana. Optom Vis Sci: Off Publ Am Acad Optom. 2019;96:397–406.
Reddy S, Panda L, Kumar A, Nayak S, Das T. Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study # 4: accuracy and utility of photorefraction for refractive error correction in tribal Odisha (India) school screening. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66:929–33.
Google Scholar
Prabhu AV, Thomas J, Ve RS, Biswas S. Performance of Plusoptix A09 photo screener in refractive error screening in school children aged between 5 and 15 years in the southern part of India. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2020;32:268–73.
Google Scholar
Murali K, Vidhya C, Murthy SR, Mallapa S. Cost-effectiveness of photoscreeners in screening at-risk amblyopia in Indian children. Indian J Public Health. 2022;66:171–5.
Google Scholar
Vidhya C. Efficacy of school screening by photoscreeners and prevalence of amblyopia in primary school childfren in Karnataka. EC Ophtalmol. 2020;11:01–7.
Srivastava RM, Verma S, Gupta S, Kaur A, Awasthi S, Agrawal S. Reliability of smart phone photographs for school eye screening. Children. 2022;9:1519.
Google Scholar
Rono HK, Bastawrous A, Macleod D, Wanjala E, Di Tanna GL, Weiss HA, et al. Smartphone-based screening for visual impairment in Kenyan school children: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob health. 2018;6:e924–e32.
Google Scholar
Morjaria P, Bastawrous A, Murthy GVS, Evans J, Sagar MJ, Pallepogula DR, et al. Effectiveness of a novel mobile health (Peek) and education intervention on spectacle wear amongst children in India: results from a randomized superiority trial in India. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;28:100594.
Google Scholar
Yashadhana A, Lee L, Serova N, Nthete E, Burnett AM. Access to school-based eye health programs in Central Region, Malawi: a qualitative case study. Health Promot Int. 2023;38:1–10.
Ceesay W, Braimah IZ, Abaidoo B. Perception of primary school teachers on pupils’ eye health in the Ga West Municipality, Greater Accra Region, Ghana. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2019;9:15–20.
Google Scholar
Sukati VN, Mashige KP, Moodley VR. Knowledge and practices of teachers about child eye healthcare in the public sector in Swaziland. Afr Vis Eye Health J. 2022;80:a613.
Alemayehu AM, Belete GT, Adimassu NF. Knowledge, attitude and associated factors among primary school teachers regarding refractive error in school children in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0191199.
Google Scholar
Engels T, Trotignon G, Agyemang D, Khan I, Puthy K, Roolvink L, et al. Cost and budget impact analysis of a school-based vision screening programme in Cambodia and Ghana: implications for policy and programme scale-up. Health Policy Open. 2021;2:100043.
Google Scholar
Paudel P, Kovai V, Naduvilath T, Phuong HT, Ho SM, Giap NV. Validity of teacher-based vision screening and factors associated with the accuracy of vision screening in Vietnamese children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23:63–8.
Google Scholar
Muralidhar R, Vijayalakshmi P. Sensitivity and specificity of teachers for vision screening among primary school children in South India. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2019;12:88–93.
Google Scholar
Shukla P, Vashist P, Singh SS, Gupta V, Gupta N, Wadhwani M, et al. Assessing the inclusion of primary school children in vision screening for refractive error program of India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66:935–9.
Google Scholar
Tobi P, Ibrahim N, Bedell A, Khan I, Jolley E, Schmidt E. Assessing the prevalence of refractive errors and accuracy of vision screening by schoolteachers in Liberia. Int Health. 2022;14:i41–i8.
Google Scholar
Kaur G, Koshy J, Thomas S, Kapoor H, Zachariah JG, Bedi S. Vision screening of school children by teachers as a community based strategy to address the challenges of childhood blindness. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:NC09–14.
Google Scholar
Marmamula S, Khanna RC, Mettla AL, Pehere NK, Keeffe JE, Yameneni DK, et al. Agreement and diagnostic accuracy of vision screening in children by teachers, community eye-health workers and vision technicians. Clin Exp Optom. 2018;101:553–9.
Google Scholar
Bechange S, Gillani M, Jolley E, Iqbal R, Ahmed L, Bilal M, et al. School-based vision screening in Quetta, Pakistan: a qualitative study of experiences of teachers and eye care providers. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:364.
Google Scholar
Sabherwal S, Reddy PA, Siddiqui Z, Sood I, Singh BP, Ganesh S, et al. Visual acuity screening in North Indian schools: testing accuracy and cost of alternate screening models. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2023;31:70–77.
Google Scholar
Dole KS, Deshpande AS, Deshpande MD, Thakur RR. Comparative evaluation of qualitative performance of technical human resource in school eye health program. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69:123–6.
Google Scholar
Bhattarai D, Gnyawali S, Silwal A, Puri S, Shrestha A, Kunwar MB, et al. Student-led screening of school children for refractive error correction. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018;25:133–9.
Google Scholar
Olatunji LK, Abdulsalam LB, Lukman A, Abduljaleel A, Yusuf I. Academic implications of uncorrected refractive error: a study of Sokoto Metropolitan schoolchildren. Niger Med J. 2019;60:295–9.
Google Scholar
Latif MZ, Hussain I, Afzal S, Naveed MA, Nizami R, Shakil M, et al. Impact of refractive errors on the academic performance of high school children of Lahore. Front Public Health. 2022;10:869294.
Google Scholar
Pawar N, Ravindran M, Renagappa R, Ravilla T, Raman R, Uduman MS. Non-compliance for wearing spectacles: prevalence and determinants in school-going children in South India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2023;71:608–13.
Google Scholar
Gupta V, Saxena R, Vashist P, Bhardwaj A, Pandey RM, Tandon R, et al. Spectacle coverage among urban schoolchildren with refractive error provided subsidized spectacles in North India. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96:301–8.
Google Scholar
Anwar I, Waqar S, Altaf A. Spectacle wear among school going children in district Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;2:1–4.
Morjaria P, Evans J, Gilbert C. Predictors of spectacle wear and reasons for nonwear in students randomized to ready-made or custom-made spectacles: results of secondary objectives from a randomized noninferiority trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137:408–14.
Google Scholar
Gajiwala UR, Patel RU, Sudhan A, Sil A, Jain E, Jhala L, et al. Compliance of spectacle wear among school children. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69:1376–80.
Google Scholar
Morjaria P, Evans J, Murali K, Gilbert C. Spectacle wear among children in a school-based program for ready-made vs custom-made spectacles in India: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135:527–33.
Google Scholar
Thapa HB, Rai SK, Thapa SK, Khatri A, Bassett K. Eye-glasses wear compliance following school-based visual acuity screening in Nepal: a comparative study. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2020;12:91–8.
Google Scholar
Bhatt N, Rathi M, Dhull CS, Sachdeva S, Phogat J. Spectacle compliance amongst school children of Rohtak, Haryana, India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017;4:734–7.
Burnett A, Paudel P, Massie J, Kong N, Kunthea E, Thomas V, et al. Parents’ willingness to pay for children’s spectacles in Cambodia. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2021;6:e000654.
Google Scholar
Bhandari G, Pradhan S, Shrestha M, Basset K. Eye glasses compliance among children undergoing school visual acuity screening in Nepal. Adv Ophtalmol Visual Syst. 2016;5:286–90.
Narayanan A, Kumar S, Ramani KK. Spectacle compliance among adolescents: a qualitative study from Southern India. Optom Vis Sci. 2017;94:582–7.
Google Scholar
Kumaran SL, Periakaruppan SP. Ophthalmic anthropometry versus spectacle frame measurements: Is spectacle fit in children compromised? Asian J Pharm Res Health Care. 2022;14:48–54.
Aghaji AE, Udeh NN, Okoye OI, Oguego NC, Okoye O, Maduka-Okafor FC, et al. Spectacle design preferences among school children in Enugu State, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2021;24:1828–34.
Google Scholar
Minakaran N, Morjaria P, Frick KD, Gilbert C. Cost-minimisation analysis from a non-inferiority trial of ready-made versus custom-made spectacles for school children in India. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2021;28:383–91.
Google Scholar
Asare FA, Morjaria P. Eligibility for the use of ready-made spectacles among children in a school-based programme in Ghana. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2022;2:e0000079.
Google Scholar
Ebeigbe JA. Factors influencing eye-care seeking behaviour of parents for their children in Nigeria. Clin Exp Optom. 2018;101:560–4.
Google Scholar
Lohfeld L, Graham C, Ebri AE, Congdon N, Chan VF. Parents’ reasons for nonadherence to referral to follow-up eye care for schoolchildren who failed school-based vision screening in Cross River State, Nigeria-a descriptive qualitative study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0259309.
Google Scholar
Sukati V, Moodley VR, Mashige KP. Knowledge and practices of eye health professionals about the availability and accessibility of child eye care services in the public sector in Swaziland. Afr Vis Eye Health J. 2019;78:a471.
Kumar M, Mallika O. Study of refractive errors, amblyopia and compliance of spectacles in school children. J Med Sci Clin Res. 2017;5:1–8.
Hashemi H. The met and unmet need for refractive correction and its determinants in 7-year-old children. Br J Vis Impair. 2017;35:69–80.
Ezinne NE, Mashige KP, Akano OF, Ilechie AA, Ekemiri KK. Spectacle utilisation rate and reasons for non-compliance with wearing of spectacles amongst primary school children in Onitsha, Anambra state, Nigeria. Afr Vis Eye Health J. 2020;79:a544.
Alrasheed SH, Naidoo KS, Clarke-Farr PC. Attitudes and perceptions of Sudanese high-school students and their parents towards spectacle wear. Afr Vis Eye Health J. 2018;77:a392.
Bodunde OT, Sholeye OO, Onabolu OO, Otulana TO, Ajibode HA. Perception of red eye among senior secondary students in Sagamu, Southwest Nigeria. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2016;5:89–93.
Negiloni K, Ramani KK, Sudhir RR. Do school classrooms meet the visual requirements of children and recommended vision standards? PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0174983.
Google Scholar
Amiebenomo OM-A, Isong EM, Edosa ME, Woodhouse JM. Habitual visual acuity and visual acuity threshold demands in Nigerian school classrooms. Sci Rep. 2022;12:17816.
Google Scholar
Ichhpujani P, Singh RB, Foulsham W, Thakur S, Lamba AS. Visual implications of digital device usage in school children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019;19:76.
Google Scholar
Saara K, Swetha S, Subhiksha R, Amirthaa M, Anuradha N. Steep increase in myopia among public school-going children in South India after COVID-19 home confinement. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022;70:3040–4.
Google Scholar
Chhabra S, Rathi M, Sachdeva S, Rustagi IM, Soni D, Dhania S. Association of near work and dim light with myopia among 1400 school children in a district in North India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2022;70:3369–72.
Google Scholar
Rao BV, Bandopadhyay S, Sharma VK, Mishra A, Ambiya V, Sharma N. Dry eye disease survey among schoolteachers and children using visual display terminals during COVID-19 lockdown-CODE study (Co vid and d ry e ye study). Med J Armed Forces India. 2022;e1-7.
Dahal HN, Kharel Sitaula R. Visual impact of digital classroom among students attending online education. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2022;20:405–11.
Google Scholar
Gupta R, Chauhan L, Varshney A. Impact of E-schooling on digital eye strain in coronavirus disease era: a survey of 654 students. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2021;33:158–64.
Google Scholar
Assefa NL, Tegegn MT, Wolde SY. Knowledge and attitude of refractive error among public high school students in Gondar City. Clin Optom. 2021;13:201–8.
Oguego N, Okoye OI, Okoye O, Uche N, Aghaji A, Maduka-Okafor F, et al. Eye health myths, misconceptions and facts: results of a cross-sectional survey among Nigerian school children. Fam Med Prim Care Rev. 2018;20:144–8.
Habiba U, Ormsby GM, Butt ZA, Afghani T, Asif M. Knowledge and practices of teachers associated with eye health of primary school children in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2017;7:28–33.
Google Scholar
Paudel P, Yen PT, Kovai V, Naduvilath T, Ho SM, Giap NV, et al. Effect of school eye health promotion on children’s eye health literacy in Vietnam. Health Promot Int. 2019;34:113–22.
Google Scholar
Ayorinde OO, Murthy GVS, Akinyemi OO. Is the child-to-child approach useful in improving uptake of eye care services in difficult-to-reach rural communities? Experience from southwest Nigeria. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2016;14:65–73.
Google Scholar
Chan VF, Minto H, Mashayo E, Naidoo K. Improving eye health using a child-to-child approach in Bariadi, Tanzania. Afr Vis Eye Health J. 2017;76:a406.
Narayanan A, Ramani KK. Effectiveness of interventions in improving compliance to spectacle wear and referral in school vision screening. Clin Exp Optom. 2018;101:752–7.
Google Scholar
Sukati VN, Moodley VR, Mashige KP. Knowledge and practices of parents about child eye health care in the public sector in Swaziland. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2018;10:e1–e13.
Google Scholar
Arafa AEE, Ewis AA, Mahran WM, Mohamed AA, El-Shabrawy EM. Prevalence and risk factors of refractive errors among preparatory school students in Beni-Suef, Egypt. J Public Health. 2019;27:43–7.
Assem AS, Tegegne MM, Fekadu SA. Prevalence and associated factors of myopia among school children in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0248936.
Google Scholar
Atowa UC, Wajuihian SO, Munsamy AJ. Associations between near work, outdoor activity, parental myopia and myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria. Int J Ophthalmol. 2020;13:309–16.
Google Scholar
Bezabih L, Abebe TW, Fite RO. Prevalence and factors associated with childhood visual impairment in Ethiopia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:1941–8.
Google Scholar
Gebru EA, Mekonnen KA. Prevalence and factors associated with myopia among high school students in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia, 2019. Clin Optom. 2022;14:35–43.
Gopalakrishnan A, Hussaindeen JR, Sivaraman V, Swaminathan M, Wong YL, Armitage JA, et al. Myopia and its association with near work, outdoor time, and housing type among schoolchildren in South India. Optom Vis Sci. 2023;100:105–10.
Google Scholar
Hung HD, Chinh DD, Tan PV, Duong NV, Anh NQ, Le NH, et al. The prevalence of myopia and factors associated with it among secondary school children in Rural Vietnam. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;14:1079–90.
Google Scholar
Saxena R, Vashist P, Tandon R, Pandey RM, Bhardawaj A, Gupta V, et al. Incidence and progression of myopia and associated factors in urban school children in Delhi: The North India Myopia Study (NIM Study). PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0189774.
Google Scholar
Saxena R, Gupta V, Prasad P, Bhardwaj A, Vashist P. Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in rural school children in North India: the North India myopia rural study (NIM-R Study). Eye. 2022;36:2000–5.
Google Scholar
Singh NK, James RM, Yadav A, Kumar R, Asthana S, Labani S. Prevalence of myopia and associated risk factors in schoolchildren in North India. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96:200–5.
Google Scholar
Yong AC, Buglass A, Mwelwa G, Abdallah I, Chan VF. Can we scale up a comprehensive school-based eye health programme in Zambia? BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22:945.
Google Scholar
Chan VF, Belluigi D, Yong AC, Mulewa D, Poonsamy-Govender P, Graham C, et al. Co-creating an arts-based eye health education strategy in Zanzibar: process, outcomes and lessons learnt. BMJ Glob Health. 2022;7:e009317.
Google Scholar
Seelam B, Liu H, Borah RR, Sheeladevi S, Keay L. A realist evaluation of the implementation of a large-scale school eye health programme in India: a qualitative study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2021;41:565–81.
Google Scholar
Sabherwal S, Sood I, Siddiqui Z, DasGupta S, Ganesh S, Basset K. Out-of-school vision screening in North India: estimating the magnitude of need. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2020;27:449–52.
Google Scholar
Chan VF, Omar F, Yard E, Mashayo E, Mulewa D, Drake L, et al. Is an integrated model of school eye health delivery more cost-effective than a vertical model? An implementation research in Zanzibar. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2021;6:e000561.
Google Scholar
Yong AC, Chuluunkhuu C, Chan VF, Stephan T, Congdon N, O’Neill C. A pilot cost-benefit analysis of a children’s spectacle reimbursement scheme: evidence for Including children’s spectacles in Mongolia’s Social Health Insurance. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0273032.
Google Scholar
Alrasheed SH. A systemic review of barriers to accessing paediatric eye care services in African countries. Afr Health Sci. 2021;21:1887–97.
Google Scholar
Burnett AM, Yashadhana A, Lee L, Serova N, Brain D, Naidoo K. Interventions to improve school-based eye-care services in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96:682–94D.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Eye care indicator menu (ECIM). Geneva: WHO; 2022.
Morjaria P, McCormick I, Gilbert C. Compliance and predictors of spectacle wear in schoolchildren and reasons for non-wear: a review of the literature. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2019;26:367–77.
Google Scholar
Wallace DK, Morse CL, Melia M, Sprunger DT, Repka MX, Lee KA, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern(R): I. Vision screening in the primary care and community setting; II. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Ophthalmology. 2018;125:P184–P227.
Google Scholar
Nemeth J, Tapaszto B, Aclimandos WA, Kestelyn P, Jonas JB, De Faber JHN, et al. Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31:853–83.
Google Scholar
Mavi S, Chan VF, Virgili G, Biagini I, Congdon N, Piyasena P, et al. The impact of hyperopia on academic performance among children: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 2022;11:36–51.
Hopkins S, Narayanasamy S, Vincent SJ, Sampson GP, Wood JM. Do reduced visual acuity and refractive error affect classroom performance? Clin Exp Optom. 2020;103:278–89.
Google Scholar
Evans JR, Morjaria P, Powell C. Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2:e1–55.
Keel S, Govender-Poonsamy P, Cieza A, Faal H, Flitcroft I, Gifford K, et al. The WHO-ITU MyopiaEd programme: a digital message programme targeting education on myopia and its prevention. Front Public Health. 2022;10:881889.
Google Scholar
Ang M, Flanagan JL, Wong CW, Muller A, Davis A, Keys D, et al. Review: myopia control strategies recommendations from the 2018 WHO/IAPB/BHVI Meeting on Myopia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104:1482–7.
Google Scholar
Morjaria P. Use of ready-made spectacles in school eye health programmes. Community Eye Health. 2017;30:33.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Eye care competency framework. Geneva: WHO; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240048416.
Pan WY, Lou LX, Chen FY, Tang XJ. Gender Disparities in the Global Burden of Refractive Disorders in Children: An Analysis From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. J Pediat Ophth Strabismus. 2024;61:51–5.
