participant
A cross-sectional survey was used for the research design. This study used a stratified sampling design to collect data from participants. Stratified sampling is considered the best method for collecting data because of its conceptual simplicity. Sampling is based on the assumption that each item in a group has an equal probability of being selected in the sample. Stratified sampling is considered to be a reasonable method to collect data in this study, as it ensures the accuracy of parameter estimates and the representativeness of each sample. Therefore, based on the 2020 Chinese University Soft Science Ranking (Shanghai Ranking), universities in Henan Province were uniformly divided into five levels, and hundreds of indicator variables (research results, reputation factors, etc.) were used to comprehensively evaluate Chinese universities. It was evaluated as follows. Participating universities will be randomly selected from each class. Guidelines for randomly selecting schools from each class are: (a) all classes are clearly distinct from other classes, (b) all data for each class is consistent. This means that the sample selected from each class represents the schools in that class. . To assess the representativeness of the sample in demographic data, the overall demographic data (2019) was obtained from the Ministry of Education of China. Snowball sampling and criterion sampling methods were adopted in the study.
The first author of this study received ethics approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology Management, and all methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The participants in this study were informed about the purpose of the study two weeks prior to their interview. They were asked to provide data through an online survey. Informed consent was obtained through the web-based survey software “Manjushin” provided by sojump.com. All survey responses were anonymous and all study participation was completely voluntary. Participants were informed that their completion of the survey would have no direct impact in terms of profits or losses, as all data collected would be aggregated and disclosed only in aggregate form. When a participant clicks on a survey, they are taken to a page with brief information about the survey and their rights to privacy and anonymity. After that, all you have to do is indicate your consent by clicking “Agree and Continue”. The link shared with participants includes the survey and instructions for filling it out. It also includes guidelines informing teachers that their participation is voluntary, anonymous, and confidential. Participants can complete the survey online on the platform if they wish. Participant criteria for participation are as follows: (1) Currently working full-time at the selected institution. (2) Have participated in physical education instruction within the past year. Criteria for exclusion include: (a) Regular reaction pattern. (b) missing data; (c) inconsistent responses to related projects (such as inconsistent responses to similar projects or consistent responses to conflicting projects); Benter and Chou pointed out that the sample size should be 10 times the number of variables in the analysis.twenty one. Therefore, the minimum sample size in our study was 200, which was considered sufficient to provide good statistical power.
A total of 240 university physical education teachers from seven colleges and universities in Henan Province, China, participated in this study through the “Wenjuan Xing” platform from March 10 to May 10, 2023. Of the 240 returned questionnaires, 231 were valid and 9 questionnaires were completed. was denied. Of the valid responses, male teachers accounted for 64% and female teachers accounted for 36%. Her 77% of teachers had a graduate degree or higher, and 23% had an undergraduate degree. 39% of participants had 10 years of work experience, 30% had between 3 and 10 years of work experience, 22% had more than 21 years of work experience, and the remaining 9% had less than 2 years of work experience. I had experience. Regarding the professional status of teachers, 4% were professors, 19% were associate professors, 67% were lecturers, and 10% were teaching assistants.
countermeasure
In order to comprehensively understand the current state of teacher burnout and explore the causes and influence mechanisms of teacher burnout from environmental and individual factors, this study used four questionnaires to assess the degree of burnout and the perceived level of burnout. The situation was measured. The overall environment, the level of teaching effectiveness, and the degree of professional pressure on university physical education teachers. All questionnaires were originally written in English and translated into Chinese by bilingual translation experts. We then conducted a pilot test on clarity and understandability with 10 undergraduate students to confirm its validity and reliability.
teacher job burnout We adopted the Teacher Job Burnout Questionnaire (MBI-ES) compiled by Maresi et al. This questionnaire includes his three dimensions of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and low personal achievement (PA) and contains 21 questions. A 5-point scoring system was used: very unsuitable (1 point), relatively unsuitable (2 points), generally suitable (3 points), relatively suitable (4 points), and very suitable (5 points). Ta. . The higher the score, the higher the degree of burnout. This questionnaire is considered to have good reliability, validity, and cross-cultural consistency. Internal consistency reliability is 0.83.
environmental factors adopted a questionnaire compiled in previous research that included school, social, family, and friend support. The school environment consisted of five aspects: the influence of the principal, developmental conditions due to work, school climate, human relationships, and the physical environment. There are 18 questions in total, with a 5-point scale ranging from not at all (1 point), not at all (2 points), almost at all (3 points), relatively at all (4 points), and very at all (5 points). It was scored. ). A higher score indicates a better school environment. This questionnaire is widely used and is considered to have good reliability and validity. The internal consistency reliability of this study is 0.80.
Teacher's teaching effect Yu et al. adopted the scale (TES) created by Yu et al. This scale included two dimensions: personal educational effectiveness (17 questions) and general educational effectiveness (10 questions). He had 21 questions and was graded on a 4-point scale: completely correct (1 point), mostly correct (2 points), slightly incorrect (3 points), and completely incorrect (4 points). Ta. The higher the score, the more effective the teacher is in teaching. The internal consistency coefficient of the total table is 0.77, and the internal consistency coefficient of this study is 0.72.
Occupational stress for university teachers We adopted the scale created by Li. The questionnaire included five aspects of him: job stability, educational stability, interpersonal relationships, workload, and job enjoyment, with a total of 24 questions. A 4-point scoring system was used: no compression (1 point), mild compression (2 points), moderate compression (3 points), and severe compression (4 points). The higher the score, the more pressure. The questionnaire is considered to have good reliability, with an internal consistency reliability of 0.87 for this study.
procedure
A chain intermediate model was adopted for this study. The collected data were processed in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. SPSS 22.0 software was used for descriptive statistical analysis, regression analysis, and linkage mediation effect analysis. The normality of the collected data was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. First, descriptive statistics and correlation analyzes were performed in SPSS 21.0 to examine the correlations between key variables. We then tested the hypothesized model using structural equation modeling (SEM) in Mplus 8.0. The data analysis for this study was divided into four steps. First, the data were tested for common method deviations. Next, the job burnout and environment of university physical education teachers were described and tabulated. Third, regression analysis was used to investigate the predictive relationships among environmental factors, occupational stress, educational effectiveness, and job burnout. And fourth, the linkage intermediate model between occupational stress and teaching effectiveness was tested in the relationship between environmental factors and teachers' job burnout. Chain mediation refers to how multiple intermediate variables exhibit continuous properties, with predictor variables indirectly influencing the outcome variable through intermediate chains. Chain mediation can better reveal the complex internal mechanisms of relationships between variables. In the chain model below, X represents the predictor variable (environmental factors), M1 represents intermediate variable 1 (occupational stress), M2 represents intermediate variable 2 (educational effect), and Y represents the dependent variable (job burnout). Based on the results of the National Education Survey, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using maximum likelihood estimation to investigate the latent factor structure.twenty two. CFA leveraged Satora Bentler's (SB) robust scaling methodology. His four different methods were used for model fitting: (1) SB scale chi-square (χ)2 SB); (2) Standardized root mean square residual. (3) Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) for the SB scale. (4) Comparative Fit Index Using SB Scale (CFISSB). These indexes are used to determine whether the exported model is compliant with the data. The following criteria are used to evaluate the model fit: SRMR ≤ 0.08, RMSEA ≤ 0.08, CFI ≥ 0.90. After CFA, evaluate these factors to ensure that you account for sufficient variance in the responses. The reliability of the initial cues of EFA and CFA was assessed using Cronbach α. The reliability of the inventory produced by CFA is calculated as the coefficient ω. CFA was performed in R version 4.1.1 using the lavaan latent variable analysis package version 0.6.8.twenty three. This model includes three mediated pathways: (1) β1β6, (2) β5β3, and (3) β1β2 β3 (Figure 1).
